Devices that sense all forms of stimuli, such as heat, radiation, sound, vibration, pressure, acceleration, and so on, and that can produce output signals that are electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic may be called transducers. Thus many measuring and sensing devices, as well as loudspeakers, thermocouples, microphones, and phonograph or guitar pickups are all transducers.

Kahn, D. (2013), Earth Sound Earth Signal: Energies and Earth Magnitude in the Arts, Berkeley: University of California Press, 14.

Adrian, E. D. (1932), The Mechanism of Nervous Action. Electrical Studies on the Neurone, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 6.

Hubel, D. H. (1988), Eye, Brain, and Vision, New York: W. H. Freeman (Scientific American Library), 69.

Wittje, R. (2013), »The Electrical Imagination: Sound Analogies, Equivalent Circuits, and the Rise of Electroacoustics«, 1863—1939, Osiris, 28/1, 43f.

For more details, see Miyazaki, S. (2012), »Algorhythmics: Understanding Micro-Temporality in Computational Cultures, Computational Cultures«, A Journal of Software Studies, No. 2, online issue. And by the same author (2013), »Urban Sounds Unheard-of: A Media Archaeology of Ubiquitous Infospheres«, Continuum, 27/4, 514—522; and Algorhythmics.

Parikka, J. (2013), »Afterword: Cultural Techniques and Media Studies«, Theory, Culture & Society, 30/6, 147–159.

See Algorhythmics & Detektors for examples of such practices.